Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is one of the most significant health challenges in young dairy heifers, especially after weaning. It’s the leading cause of death in weaned heifers and the second most common cause in pre-weaned calves. This disease complex is triggered by a combination of stress, viral infections, and environmental factors like dust or poor air quality.
Economic and Long-Term Impact
BRD not only leads to direct treatment costs but also slows growth and development. Calves affected by BRD early in life are more likely to calve later, have more difficulty during calving, and produce less milk in their first lactation.
Key Prevention Strategies
1. Early Colostrum Feeding
Calves should receive 4 quarts of high-quality colostrum within the first 6 hours of life, followed by another 2–3 quarts within 8 hours. This jumpstarts their immune system. Always use clean equipment and rapidly cool colostrum if not feeding immediately. Keep frozen colostrum on hand for emergencies.
2. Consistent Milk Feeding
Use high-quality milk or milk replacer at consistent times with stable nutrient levels. Avoid sharing feeding equipment between sick and healthy calves to limit disease spread.
3. Clean, Warm Bedding
Dry, draft-free resting areas are essential—especially for calves under 3 weeks old. Deep straw bedding that covers the calves’ legs helps conserve body heat and supports immunity.
4. Proper Ventilation
Good airflow reduces airborne pathogens, ammonia, and dust. Calf pens should allow for natural air exchange with no more than two solid sides. Aim for at least 15 cubic feet per minute of airflow per calf.
5. Low-Density Group Housing
Keep group sizes under 10 and allow 22–33 square feet per calf. Crowding increases disease risk. Transition calves gradually from individual pens to group settings to reduce stress and BRD susceptibility.
6. Early Detection and Isolation
Quickly identify and separate sick calves using visual scoring systems developed by universities like Wisconsin and UC Davis. These systems assess signs like nasal discharge, coughing, and fever. Early intervention helps limit spread, though prevention remains the best defense.
Final Thoughts
Preventing BRD begins with strong early-life management. Clean housing, timely colostrum, consistent nutrition, and careful group transitions all reduce risk. Keeping it simple and minimizing stress are key to healthier, more productive heifers.
