The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), working with the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and Health Canada, continues to monitor dairy cattle for signs of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). This effort is part of Canada’s One Health approach, which takes into account the connection between animal, human, and environmental health in managing disease risks.
There are currently no confirmed cases of HPAI in cattle in Canada. However, ongoing testing is a key part of the country’s strategy to detect the virus early and protect both animal and public health.
Milk Testing Results: Retail and Raw Milk
Retail Milk Testing
Since September 2024, CFIA labs have tested 1,211 samples of pasteurized retail milk from stores across Canada. All tested negative for HPAI. Results by region:
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Atlantic provinces: 302 samples – all negative
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Ontario: 307 samples – all negative
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Quebec: 302 samples – all negative
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Western provinces: 300 samples – all negative
Raw Milk Testing
As of April 2, 2025, 2,954 samples of raw (unpasteurized) milk collected from milk trucks arriving at processing plants have also tested negative. These monthly samples represent milk from around 1,500 dairy farms nationwide:
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Atlantic provinces: 217 samples – all negative
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Ontario: 786 samples – all negative
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Quebec: 1,058 samples – all negative
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Western provinces: 893 samples – all negative
These tests are part of a proactive surveillance program to monitor the national herd and catch any potential HPAI infections early.
Pasteurization Proven Effective
In a study conducted in May and June 2024, CFIA laboratories confirmed that the pasteurization process effectively neutralizes HPAI in milk. The results are consistent with international research, reinforcing that Canada’s milk supply remains safe for consumers.
By law, all milk sold in Canada must be pasteurized, a process that kills harmful viruses and bacteria, including HPAI.
Oversight and Biosafety Protocols
HPAI is a reportable disease in Canada, meaning all suspected cases in animals must be reported to the CFIA.
Non-CFIA laboratories involved in testing or research that includes HPAI samples must follow strict biosafety and biocontainment requirements. They are also required to notify the CFIA if they detect any fragments or antibodies of the virus in animal samples, including milk.
More information about HPAI and food safety in Canada is available on the Health Canada website.
